Developing a Motivational Plan Essay - 1324 Words

Developing a Motivational Plan Essay Victoria Webb Grand Canyon University Educational Leadership in a Changing World - EDA 575 February 12, 2011 Developing a Motivational Plan Essay Motivation is the key to the success to any organization. â€Å"Human relation thinkers see the terms motivation and behavior as closely related because human behavior occurs as a result of motivation† (Razik Swanson, 2010, p. 108). Motivating people to work harder, give of themselves 100%, encouraging the employees to not only work harder, but smarter to develop ways of doing things better can be one of the hardest jobs of an organization (Razik Swanson, 2010). In this essay I will describe several motivational theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs,†¦show more content†¦When comparing theories from a classical to a more modern version of these theories we should consider the differences that exist between them. As our society changes and the focus on technology and diversity; these classical theories still fit the needs of today’s society in the organizational environment. Several of these theories still exist for example, Chris Argyris’s Theory of supervision and structure; McGregor’s Theory involving respect, trust, teamwork, and concern. Path-Goal Theory is based on the expectancy model, â€Å"the expectancy models suggest that the motivation to perform a task is a function of a person’s expectations or beliefs about effort, performance, and outcomes† (Razik Swanson, 2010, p. 108). To create a motivational plan for my school I don’t think there is a perfect theory, I think every theory has some positives and negative aspects to them. It would be imperative to learn about every staff member and know what motivates them as an individual. Let the employees be actively involved determining what they can contribute to the organization and giving each the opportunity to help set their individual goals; allowing each faculty member to create their goals give the power to each individual and a great motivator and incentive. When goals are personally set it creates accountability for each person and motivates them to reach their goal.Show MoreRelatedDeveloping a Motivational Plan Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: DEVELOPING A MOTIVATIONAL PLAN Developing A Motivation Plan Grand Canyon University: EDA 575 Developing a Motivational Plan A motivation plan for any school is extremely important for the success of any educational program. Students who are not motivated will not learn and in turn won t succeed. Many components should be included in a motivational plan so that all the needs of students are met and each student has goals that are attainable and can be reachedRead MoreMotivational Plan1612 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: Motivational Plan Essay Motivational Plan Essay The key to an organizations success is motivation. Motivation of employees is one of the most important issues facing education today. The need to instill our employees with motivation is becoming more important especially with the shift towards a more socially and culturally responsive workforce. Knowing what motivates employees, how to provide a motivational plan that includes incentives both traditional (money) and nontraditionalRead MoreRisk Management and Evidence1429 Words   |  6 PagesPortfolio 2 In this essay I will be discussing how the evidence from my portfolio demonstrates that I have achieved one specific proficiency. ‘A professional portfolio is a collection of carefully selected materials that document the nurse s competencies and illustrate the expertise of the nurse.’ (Oerman, 2002). The proficiencies are based on the NMC 2013 code of practice. I will be exploring how the proficiencies principles were attained and how my evidence connotes the achievement- the evidenceRead MoreLeadership Theories1387 Words   |  6 Pagesprocesses in leadership. There are many great leaders and leadership styles that can be easily discussed. Twenty-first century leadership has developed useful and simplistic ways to determine and exercise their leadership styles on their way to developing and understanding their leadership styles based on the situation and the organization. Leadership is a very dynamic and diverse process, as communicated to readers in Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead (Wren, 1995)Read MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Our Life Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pageswhile eating healthy, and most women see drastic results after a while. Itsines also encourages her clients to take progress pictures to compare before, in the middle, and at the end of the program. The women that worship her like a saint post motivational pictures on Instagram and become close to girls all around the world. Now evolutionary as ever, Kayla Itsines has her own app that is compatible with Apple Watch. She is making it easier for women to achieve their goals and dreams so those whoRead MoreExploring The Psychosocial Aspects Behind The Emotions That Reflect How Well Patients Adhere1556 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Why do you go to work every day? Why do people get up at 6am to go to the gym? Why am I spending hours writing an essay? Why adhere to medical advice? As you may have gathered this essays aims to explore the reasons people do what they do and the motives for it. In particular, it will look at reason behind non-adherence and take an emphasis on patient’s motivation. The paper will explore the psychosocial aspects behind the emotions that reflect how well patients adhere to advice. ThisRead MoreEssay on Factors for Effective Teamwork1415 Words   |  6 Pagesoptimisation in organisation. The leadership orientation also changes due to these factors. Financial uplift is an optimal outcome of these motivational factors (Fisher, 2005). Reward, gratitude and punishment system is a good technique to judge employees (Smith and Rupp, 2003) and work strategy model oblige employees to their best performance. Involvement of motivational theories in organisation reduces complexity and encourages employees to be self-persuasive to work and become capable of generatingRead MoreCompassion Fatigue: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment1537 Words   |  6 Pages Combating Compassion Fatigue This essay examines compassion fatigue, including its causes and symptoms. The essay also considers the needs of caregivers and explores coping strategies and resources available to caregivers. Warning Signs The warning signs of compassion fatigue are grouped into several major classifications. Cognitive symptoms, those relating to problems with thought processes, include lowered concentration, apathy, rigidity, disorientation, minimization, and preoccupationRead MoreThe Importance Of Teachers On The Classroom Environment1668 Words   |  7 Pagesparents, I plan to do a variety of little things to yield big results. The relationship that teachers have with students is vital to the classroom environment. In â€Å"You’ve Got to Reach Them to Teach Them,† Mary Kim Schrek writes that â€Å"the human encounter between teacher and student is often a more powerful teaching tool than the academic content, the grade, the data analysis, and the hours spent picking apart the curriculum† (Schrek, 2011, p. 5). In order to establish such relationships, I plan to followRead MoreHow Employee Motivation Is Important For Organizations1616 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee motivation is important for organizations to produce the desired results needed and function effectively. In this essay we review rewards and recognition, trust, and employee development, as motivational issues that are challenging Cummins Western Canada today. These challenges are affecting the environment, the performance, and the culture of the organization. Looking at some motivation theories, we will analyze the issues identified and provide some ideas for improvement to this challenge

Human Trafficking - 1302 Words

Section One: This bill will work with the U.S government to educate women and young children who may become victims of trafficking, spread awareness, and to have more efficient programs to help the trafficking victims recover. Section Two: Human trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, currently second after illegal drug-trade. Human trafficking is a violation of human rights and considered to be a form of modern day slavery, the illegal trade of humans for forced labor or exploitation, fortunately it is recognized as a growing issue in the United States. Exploitation refers to the use of other individuals for prostitution or any forms of forced labour. Trafficking victims do not have to be foreign born or†¦show more content†¦Also domestic workers are exposed to toxic chemicals and hazardous conditions and have a lack of legal protection to cover them. In recent years, the United States took a major step against human trafficking by the Trafficking of Victims Protection Act (TVPA). In 2000, the United States passed the TVPA, which was the first federal law in the U.S. created to help victims of trafficking and to prosecute the traffickers. The Reauthorization Act of 2003 reaffirms the U.S. government’s commitment to fighting human trafficking, as stated in the 2000 act, and sets aside another $200 million in funding for various projects against this trade. Between the years 2001-2005 the US government significantly stepped up efforts in convicting perpetrators of this crime, filing 91 cases and charging 248 trafficking defendants. Although the United States passed the TVPA, human trafficking is hard to stop because it is very hard to track down and identify the traffickers, and it may be even harder to put victims in each category of trafficking. Many times, victims can be wrongly identified as illegal immigrants or prostitu tes, and can be imprisoned or deported. In the TVPA of 2000, the law provided penalties for sex traffickers only if the victim could prove that they were forcefully threatened into prostitution. This being merely impossible to prove, it ensures that the cases will take longer and thus few criminals have actually been indicted under these terms. However, afterShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing crime it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. Although there are many groups created to support victims, not enough awareness is being made and not enough action is being applied to stop human trafficking. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking that has been a worldwide issue since ancient times, but regularly forgotten, due to it beingRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking930 Words   |  4 Pagesman. Regardless of the reasons, there are nearly 30 million victims of human trafficking globally. There are more slaves now than ever before. Trafficking of persons is not a subject that should be ignored or tak en lightly. In order to fully understand the enormity of this crisis, we will examine the root causes, facts, and the impact of human trafficking throughout the world. There are several factors to why human trafficking exists: poverty, governmental instability, natural disasters, addictionRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking3494 Words   |  14 Pagesended, never to return, they go back and sneak into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes. When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways. Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual exploitation, labor exploitationRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trafficking901 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. AtRead MoreThe Human Of Human Trafficking Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1865, the practice of it is still very alive today. Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the buying and selling of people, whether it s for forced labor or commercial sex. Every year, thousands of adults and childre n, especially girls, are forced into the endless trafficking ring. â€Å"The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally† (â€Å"The Facts†). The human trafficking industry is a worldwide network that is worth an estimatedRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreHuman Trafficking1355 Words   |  6 PagesRigdon November 16, 2014 Human Trafficking and its Dire Effects. Human Trafficking in the United States is something not a lot of people discuss. Most think it is only something that happens in third world countries, but in fact could be happening in their hometown. According to Protocol to Prevent, Subdue and Punish Trafficking in Persons, human trafficking in the modern world entails transfer of persons by use of applied force. Other methods used to enforce the trafficking include use of deceptionRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words   |  8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† (â€Å"What Is Human Trafficking?†)Read MoreSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, it

Communicative Games In Teaching Speaking Education Essay Free Essays

English instruction has drawn much public attending as English has become one of the most effectual international linguistic communications. In such inclination of society for developing hearing and talking accomplishments instead than reading and composing accomplishments, surveies on how to better scholars ‘ speech production accomplishments have been carried out, but there are still many facets left undiscovered. In some non-English speech production states like Viet Nam, many high school pupils frequently find it hard to talk English and experience world-weary and nervous in talking lessons. We will write a custom essay sample on Communicative Games In Teaching Speaking Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The grounds are because they spend much clip on the topics that they will impact their consequences of university entryway test than the others, because English trials in high schools and in entryway tests are in composing and reading signifiers but non in talking signifier, and because the figure of periods of topics of natural scientific discipline is more than topics of societal scientific discipline or frailty versa. Therefore assorted methods have been used to accomplish the effectivity in learning English speech production, and one of them is utilizing communicative games. It is said that communicative games is one of the most effectual methods to better learning English speech production in high schools due to their positive effects. In add-on, the survey into using communicative games in learning English speech production in high schools is helpful to my procedure of learning pattern in high schools. For the above grounds, the research subject â€Å" Application of communicative games in learning speech production in English 10 † is hoped to lend to the effectivity in learning English speech production. 2. Purposes and aims The survey is to show the effectivity in application of communicative games in learning speech production in English 10. The research has some undermentioned purposes: – To happen out jobs that pupils encounter in speech production categories. To analyze the effectivity of communicative games in speech production categories. To propose some pedagogical deductions to accomplish the effectivity in learning speech production. 3. Scope of the survey The research is examined in 10th grade pupils of three categories at Quoc Hoc high school. For the clip bound and the length bound, the survey trades with four units which are unit 12, 13, 14 and 15 in English 10. 4. Research inquiries – What are the troubles that pupils encounter in speech production categories? – How effectual are communicative games in speech production categories? 5. Methods of the survey The survey is a qualitative and quantitative research. The collected informations by making a study on 10th grade pupils of three categories at Quoc Hoc high school will be quantitatively analyzed. A qualitative analysis on informations collected on pupils will be carried out to demo the effectivity of application of communicative games in learning English speech production. 6. Design of the survey The thesis is organized into five chief parts as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction presents the grounds for taking the subject, the purposes and aims of the survey, the range of the survey and the organisation of the survey. Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background includes two parts. The first portion reviews old related surveies. The 2nd 1 is to show an overview of English 10 text edition, state of affairs of learning and larning English speech production in high schools, scholars ‘ communicative competency, communicative activities and communicative games. Chapter 3: Methods and Procedures shows the research design and research methods, the description of the process of informations aggregation and information analysis, the description of participants and instruments in the research. Chapter 4: Findingss and Discussion is to show the findings of the probe and analysis and to discourse the consequences of the study. Chapter 5: Decision and Implications summarizes the survey, shows deductions and restrictions of the survey and suggests for farther research. Table OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Purposes and Aims 1.3 Scope of the Study 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Organization of the Study Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background 2.1 Previous research plants 2.2 Theoretical Background 2.2.1 Overview of English 10 Textbook 2.2.2 Communicative Language Teaching 2.2.3 Communicative Competence 2.2.4 Communicative Activities 2.2.5 Communicative Games 2.2.5.1 Definition of Communicative Games 2.2.5.2 Functions of Communicative Games in Teaching English Chapter 3: Methods and Procedures 3.1 Research Design and Methodology 3.. Study Procedures Chapter 4: Findingss and Discussion 4.1 Troubles of Students in Speaking Classs 4.2 Effectiveness of Communicative Games in Speaking Classs 4.3 Discussion 4.4 Drumhead Chapter 5: Decision and Deductions 5.1 Decision 5.2 Deductions 5.2.1 Design Principles of Communicative Games 5.2.2 Principles of Application of Communicative Games in Teaching Talking 5.2.3 Some Suggested Communicative Games in Teaching Talking 5.2.3.1 Some Communicative Games for Unit 12 5.2.3.2 Some Communicative Games for Unit 13 5.2.3.3 Some Communicative Games for Unit 14 5.2.3.4 Some Communicative Games for Unit 15 5.3 Restriction 5.4 Suggestions for Further Research EXPECTED OUTCOMES The consequences of this survey are expected as follows: First, games are activities that make people experience relaxed and aroused and utilizing communicative games in learning English speech production draws attending of non lone instructors but besides scholars. Second, instructors can cognize more about the effectivity of communicative games in learning speech production, and cognize how to take or plan communicative games suited for scholars and learning points. Third, learning English speech production is more exciting and effectual because communicative games motivate scholars and assist them comprehend learning points in a natural manner. Plan OF THE PROJECT Occupation Detailss of occupation Time 1 Choosing a subject and planing the program of the undertaking – Determination job countries that require probe – Choosing a suited subject – Consulting relevant surveies and paperss – Planing the program of the undertaking By 24th December 2 Roll uping informations and analysing the information – Design questionnaires – Making study on 10th grade pupils by utilizing questionnaires – Analyzing the information By the terminal of February 3 Writing the thesis – Writing the first bill of exchange – Completing the thesis and composing the concluding bill of exchange By the terminal of March i? ¶ I thirstily underscore my committedness to carry throughing this research paper as scheduled under the direction of my supervisor. i? ¶ The first bill of exchange needs more work ; nevertheless, I agree to assist the pupil on status that the pupil can transport out the undertakings as planned. SUPERVISOR STUDENT Vo Tha »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Thanh Dia »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Nguya »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Thia »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Ma »? How to cite Communicative Games In Teaching Speaking Education Essay, Essay examples

Engineering Project Control for Schematic Design -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEngineering Project Control for Schematic Design. Answer: Project Governance refers to the framework of management within which the decisions relating to a project are made. It serves to provide a framework for decision making that is repeatable, logical and robust in a bid to govern the capital investments of an organization. Gate keeping refers to the process of filtration of information for dissemination for any modes of communication Stage Gate Approval is a project management technique where a project is divided into various stages or phases, which are separated from one another using decision points. Front end loading also known as pre-project planning, early project planning, conceptual planning, schematic design and feasibility analysis is the process of development of the concepts of projects as carried out in processing industries (Aschman, 2017, p.117). Design-Build is one of the systems used in delivering projects in the construction industry and involves the delivery in which one of the entities (the design-build team), works under the same contract as the owner of the project in the provision of construction and design services. Design-bid-build also referred to as design-tender traditional method is a system of project delivery where the owner or the agency of the project is contracted separately for entities of design and construction of a stipulated project (Aschman, 2017 p. 258). This method of project delivery is the ancient project delivery method and has a distinguishable aspect from build-design project delivery method. Deign-bid-build has three major sequential phases that lead to the delivery of the project: Design phase Bidding/ tender phase Construction phase EPCM, an abbreviation for Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management is a form of project delivery in which the client picks on a contractor who is to offer the management service of the project in totality on behalf of the client. In this arrangement, the contractor is tasked with the coordination of all procurement, design and construction works and is to ensure that the project goes on to completion as per the stipulated timelines (Aschman, 2017, p. 188). Depending on the arrangement between the client and the contractor, the contractor may or otherwise undertake the site work of the project. Construction contractors become involved in a project after the design and bidding during the project execution stage. The contractor is the individual that is tasked with the responsibility of the changing the construction drawings from the architect into the actual building (Merrow, 2011 p.211). The outcomes of mega industrial projects are least influenced by the contracting approach. According to Merrow, of greater importance and value is the quality of the people that are involved in a project and how to effect the project organization is. In his argument, he feels that there is no best contracting approach as every contracting approach can succeed. In this, he attempts to eliminate the traps in which clients use contracts as a scapegoat in which they pass the burden of the responsibility of the outcomes of the project to the contractor (Merrow, 2011 p.266). Contractors do not have the knowledge and skills to manage such possible risks or even the balance sheet in which they can absorb them. Concisely, Merrow advises that quality time should be spent organizing and shaping the project before the actual execution can formally be initiated. I agree with these sentiments in light of having a successful project. References Aschman A, Establishing a Fit For Purpose Project System,' Independent Analysis Newsletter, Vol. 9, December 2017. Merrow EW, Industrial Megaprojects, Concepts, Strategies and Practices for Success, Willey, 2011

Rap Music Artist free essay sample

Dry. Watkins points out, that the fact of us ND others being bombarded with these negative images of the young Black Male in the mass media, appears to be taking a heavy toll in terms of the self-image of far too many young Black people and in the way these young people are perceived In the minds of the country, even the world, at large. Dry. Tyson on the other hand Is quite right when he points out that Hip Hop Is not the only source of this negativity. He also points out that much of this negativity began before the advent of Hip Hop.I personally find that the two men basically compliment one anothers view points to the extent that it feels more like a conversation than a debate. Anyway, both of the good Professors bring forth many important points and underline out many of the problems we are facing. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap Music Artist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of the points they bring out though, are not new to many of us, while they may be informative to some of the white students at Brown University. Our task at hand now, as before, is to come up with the solutions to these problems and nip in the bud, any further loss of the members of any of our future generations of young Black Americans.America has never and never could have existed without the African American contribution and It never will be able to. That goes for economic, military, cultural, moral and spiritual realms alike. The sooner we all, understand and operate from this premise the sooner well be able to make this a place that works for everyone here. I believe that certain rappers should take more responsibility for their controversial lyrics because what they say does influence the young people of the world in many different ways. In my paper I would like to use Outpace Muar Shaker for example.Outpace Muar Shaker, also known by his stage names OPAC and briefly as Machiavelli, was an American rapper and actor. Shaker has old over 75 million albums worldwide as of 2010, making him one of the best-selling music artists in the world. Most of Tubas songs are about growing up in violence and hardship in ghettos, racism, other social problems and conflicts with other rappers during the East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry. Outpace became quite a sensation, earning praise for his musical and acting talent as well as condemnation for his explicit, violent lyrics.Tubas music shows that he was Into violence and the typical gangster lifestyle. Outpace Shaker was next to Join Death Row Records after Executive Producer Segue Knight paid $1. Million to bail him out of a New York prison Death Row and the east-coast based Bad Boy record label. His track titled Hit Me Up was produced as a simple statement from Outpace and Death Row to Bad Boy. Before this release, Outpace was shot with five bullets and blamed the shooting on Bad Boy. Lyrics read: Killing anti fair but somebody got to do it Youd better back the buck up before you get smacked the buck up This is how we do it on our side. Any of you insignias from New York that want to bring it, bring it. But we anti singing we bringing drama. Buck you and your monotheistic mama. We goanna kill all you mother bucks Well this is how we goanna do this Buck bad boy as a staff, record label, and as a monotheistic crew. And if you want be down with Bad Boy, then buck you too. All of you all motherless buck you, die slow motherhoods. My 44 makes sure all your all kids dont grow. .. West side till we die Buck me we Bad Boy killing. This song would make a young person think it is okay to have gang violence in order to receive respect from the people you want respect from. Instead of promoting gang violence he could have told them it wasnt worth it. With the guidance of Segue Knight he was promoting the opposite of keeping the peace. The Executive Producer of Death Row Records was Segue Knight. Originally from the streets of Southern California, Knight believed that success stemmed from approval from within. Considering his home as the ghetto, Knight stated: The success comes from the streets.Before you can cross over and go to pop, the ghetto got to accept you first. Then you get kids in Utah saying everybody in Compton, Long Beach, and Watts is playing this and dancing to this. This is all right. So you goat go with the ghetto first, period (CTD. In MAT Productions). Knights goal was to portray gangster life in the ghetto as the standard f life everywhere. He wanted to make everyone believe that the hard-core gangsters in Southern California have a good time listening, watching, and living this way, so we can too if we listen to the music and act like the stars in the music videos.However, music videos are not reality and the images of guns, sex, and violence that they contain do not lead to moral lives. When actions like the ones portrayed in the music and in the videos are carried out, there are huge consequences. On the other hand, another song of Outpace Shakers showed a very different side of him and his sic. The song was called Dear Mama dedicated to his mother Affine Shaker, and basically to all mothers around the world. Tubas song Dear Mama was released as the first single for his solo album Me against the World.It was quickly regarded as one of Tubas best works and one of the best rap songs ever. Dear Mama has such emotional range beyond the genre that it was actually chosen to be preserved in the U. S. Library of Congress in 2009. Dear Mama stands out as an example of Tubas true artistry and willingness to address emotional issues that helps him stand out. Although Tubas career was tragically brief and wrought with controversy regarding his gangs rap image, he has become recognized as one of the greatest lyricists to ever rap and example of the genres potential. Dear Mama was gritty and unflinching in its portrayal of Tubas mother and her flaws, but it also recognized the difficulty of being a young single mother in her position. The song is especially unique because it places Outpace outside of the typical rapper image and exposes his vulnerability as a son. Dear Mama shows Tubas emotional range and speaks to sons and mothers everywhere. One moment this artist can talk about We bad boy think this artist should take more responsibility with his music?Yes, I do, because I feel as though if you are going to promote sex, gang violence, and killing you cant turn around and promote respect for mothers over the wor ld. As a famous rapper that people actually love, people will take what he says very seriously and think its cool to do. Then they will go because he said he appreciates his mother theyll say l appreciate my mother and dedicate Dear Mama to her. Artist should be very careful as to what they say and how they say it, or dont say it at all.The reason as to why Outpace can be so different on two songs is because, the songs that Outpace wrote were primarily the way he felt about something going on in his life that had happened, or was happening. This artist was someone who would tell the truth and nothing but the truth and exactly how it was to the public eye. He wasnt afraid to speak his mind and how he felt. You have a right to express your feelings as a human being. I think it is very important that people express themselves instead of holding everything inside. Music was genuinely Tubas way of self-expression.With all that being said I eave to agree with Dry. Boyce Watkins because I feel that children and young adult, and maybe even adults are absorbing what these rappers are saying. People are praising their music and embedding the lyrics in their minds to live with and act on in their everyday lives. As an artist that creates music for people to listen to and to love, the lyrics should be responsible and enlightening words not arrogant and disrespectful. There isnt one person to blame for all rappers lyrics but what people need to understand is that this is an ongoing problem in the black community that needs to be changed.

Newspapers and the Future of Print Journalism

Newspapers and the Future of Print Journalism For anyone interested in the news business, it’s hard to avoid the sense that newspapers are at death’s door. Every day brings more news of layoffs, bankruptcies, and closings in the print journalism industry. But why are things so dire for newspapers at the moment? Decline Begins With Radio TV Newspapers have a long and storied history that dates back hundreds of years. While their roots are in the 1600s, newspapers thrived in the U.S. well into the 20th century. But with the advent of radio and later television, newspaper circulation (the number of copies sold) began a gradual but steady decline. By the mid-20th century, people simply didn’t have to rely on newspapers as their only source of news anymore. That was especially true of breaking news, which could be conveyed much more quickly via broadcast media. And as television newscasts became more sophisticated, television became the dominant mass medium. This trend accelerated with the rise of CNN and 24-hour cable news networks. Newspapers Begin to Disappear Afternoon newspapers were the first casualties. People coming home from work increasingly turned on the TV instead of opening a newspaper, and afternoon papers in the 1950s and 1960s saw their circulations plunge and profits dry up. Television also captured more and more of the advertising revenue that newspapers had relied on. But even with Television grabbing more and more audience and ad dollars, newspapers still managed to survive. Papers couldn’t compete with television in terms of speed, but they could provide the kind of in-depth news coverage that TV news never could. Savvy editors retooled newspapers with this in mind. More stories were written with a feature-type approach that emphasized storytelling over breaking news, and papers were redesigned to be more visually appealing, with a greater emphasis on clean layouts and graphic design. Emergence of the Internet But if television represented a body blow to the newspaper industry, the World Wide Web may prove to be the nail in the coffin. With the emergence of the internet in the 1990s, vast amounts of information were suddenly free for the taking. Most newspapers, not wanting to be left behind, started websites in which they essentially gave away their most valuable commodity- their content- for free. This model continues to be the predominant one in use today. Many analysts now believe this was a fatal mistake. Once loyal newspaper readers realized that if they could conveniently access news online for free, there seemed to be little reason to pay for a newspaper subscription. Recession Worsens Prints Woes Economic hard times have only accelerated the problem. Revenue from print ads has plunged, and even online ad revenue, which publishers had hoped would make up the difference, has slowed. Websites like Craigslist have eaten away at classified ad revenue. â€Å"The online business model just won’t support newspapers at the level Wall Street demands,† says Chip Scanlan of The Poynter Institute, a journalism think tank. â€Å"Craigslist has decimated newspaper classifieds.† With profits plunging, newspaper publishers have responded with layoffs and cutbacks, but Scanlan worries this will just make things worse. â€Å"They’re not helping themselves by whacking sections and laying people off,† he says. â€Å"They’re cutting the things that people look for in newspapers.† Indeed, that’s the conundrum facing newspapers and their readers. All agree that newspapers still represent an unrivaled source of in-depth news, analysis, and opinion and that if papers disappear entirely, there will be nothing to take their place. What the Future Holds Opinions abound as to what newspapers must do to survive. Many say papers must start charging for their web content to support print issues. Others say printed papers will soon go the way of the Studebaker and that newspapers are destined to become online-only entities. But what actually will happen remains anybody’s guess. When Scanlan thinks of the predicament the internet poses for newspapers today, he’s reminded of the Pony Express riders who in 1860 started what was meant to be a speedy mail delivery service, only to be rendered obsolete a year later by the telegraph. â€Å"They represented a great leap in communication delivery but it only lasted a year,† Scanlan says. â€Å"As they were whipping their horses into a lather to deliver the mail, beside them were these guys ramming in long wooden poles and connecting wires for the telegraph. It’s a reflection of what changes in technology mean.†

Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Racism - Essay Example studies and compares two stories in which the authors depict racism in the content of the writing by discussing the connections in terms of context, utilization of literacy devices and the personal experiences displayed in the stories. The two stories compared in are Life in Oklahoma City by Ralph Ellison and On Social Equality by Gunnar Myrdal. Both of these stories are written in a first person point of view. Mr. Ellison in his stories provides a narrative of his personal experiences as he was growing up in Oklahoma City. He described the setting of how things were back then and provided many examples of racism against various races including afro-Americans, Germans, poor white persons and Indians (Ellison, 1964). In the author’s descriptions the author himself displayed a racism mentality since his description of some events seemed biased and a bit racist. The author utilized a lot different literary devices in his story such as symbolism, imaginary, characterization, metaphors, simile and personification. The On Social Equality story is different than the story written by Mr. Ellison. This story is more critical and analytical about the racism issue. The story describes a lot the views different groups of people have on the subject and provides multiple examples on how racism manifests itself. For example the author mentioned a perspective from the Southern that during segregation afro-Americans actually liked it because they did not have to deal with people from the Caucasian race and they rather share time with their own people (Myrdal). The author used a couple of different literary devices such as similes but he did not use a large variety of literary devices such as Mr. Ellison utilized in Life in Oklahoma. The ending of this story was a conclusion that gave a final perspective and analyzed the topic of racism. The final stage of Life in Oklahoma was as a self-reflection of Mr. Ellison’s life and his opinion on the racism subject. Ralph Ellison

Formula Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formula Analysis - Assignment Example When the element of violence was introduced was the point that the story slowly unfolded and moved on. It was evident in the film albeit being an animated feature geared to entertain the young that the element of violence had to be employed to spice things up. Without violence, there would not have been a story. Formulas, apparently, have not changed over the years. Movies still employ the â€Å"bad guy vs. good guy† plots. The bad guy brings menace to the good guy and his family—another staple factor to formulaic movies. Good guy defends his family to the death—usually of bad guy’s—thus justifying the violent actions of good guy. Bag guy gets eliminated, but nobody knows what happened or where he had gone after. He’s simply out of the picture. Nobody could care less as long as the protagonists are happy. The Incredibles, for instance, has the Parr Family—Mr. Incredible, the dad; Elastigirl, the mom; and the kids Violet, Dash, and Jack-jack—pitted against Syndrome, the evil genius. The warmth of family versus the evil of cold revenge. Mr. Incredible ditches Syndrome as a young fan who wanted to be his partner. Young Syndrome exacts revenge years by trying to prove he can outdo Mr. Incredible—to the extent of putting his family in grave danger. Viewers are made to consider violence as an integral and positive part of the movie for without which the Parr kids would not have been able to bring out the best in themselves. After all, if they had not been subjected to Syndrome’s menace, they would not have been able to rise above childish scuffles. And the consequent violence—the destruction of the villain Syndrome—is thereby justified. He is the â€Å"bad guy† after all. And as the clichà © goes, â€Å"they lived happily ever after.† The viewers are satisfied. Very formulaic. Yes, the formula, tiresome as it

Professional Sports Leagues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professional Sports Leagues - Coursework Example Where the NRL’s teams are losing their value as the number of attendances went down by 3% and NRL also lost $1.8m on the finals series. Youth Football Fund Grassroots has been initiated by NLF along with Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) to provide financial and technical assistance in order to improve the quality, safety and accessibility of local football fields to middle schools and high schools. It is a non-profit program that offers opportunities for recreation, education, and relaxation that contribute to the local quality of life, especially for the youth (Titans, 2015). This initiative would be highly helpful in creating exposure to young athletes towards football. In my opinion NRL should invest more in advertising and sponsorship as decided by the company. It should also take initiatives like NFL to increase exposure and awareness amongst young athletes. This would also help in attracting youngsters towards the sport. It can also build up a nonprofit club in the center of the city with the sole aim of promoting the sport and developing the skills of the young ones for rugby. These programs would definitely contribute in increasing diversity exposure for the professional league. Australian Association Press. (2014).  Rugby league will be biggest sport in Australia, says NRL chief.  the Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2015, from http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/feb/24/rugby-league-biggest-sport-in-australia Burke, M. (2013).  How The National Football League Can Reach $25 Billion In Annual Revenues.Forbes. Retrieved 24 January 2015, from

History of Marco Polo

History of Marco Polo The Travels of Marco Polo MarcoPolo was born in 1254 when Italy was split into fighting city states. Thirteenth century Europe saw a huge increase in geographical knowledge and anincrease in trade with the Far East and Western Europe. One country that had the Europeans fascinated was China and they all wanted to establish trade andtravel there. Contact with the Far East was established by such men as Giovanni da Pian del Carpini and William of Rubrouck who were sent by Louis IX of France, which happened before the Tartar conquest of Asia Minor and the beginning of Tartar embassies in the West by the late thirteenth century. Routes of trade and opportunities that existed during Roman rule were reopened. Niccolo Polo and Maffeo Polo, the father and uncle of young Marco Polo, left him behind and set off for an epic journey eastward towards the court of the khan of the Pipchak Tartars at Serai. The brothers Niccolo and Maffeo stayed there for over a year while collecting asignificant profit. The brothers decided to return to Venice, but they found that their path was cut off by local wars. So the brothers made the decision to go to the great khan of China. They arrived in Beijing and were received very graciously by the great khan. After doing business there, the khan wanted toknow about the Christian life and told them to go b ack to Venice to see the Pope and return with Christian missionaries for the education of the royal court. The great khan also wanted them to return through Jerusalem with Holy Oil from the lamp which was kept burning over the Sepulchre of our Lord Jesus Christ. To help their journey, the brothers were given the service of a Tartar guide and anything they needed in Tartar territory. Aftera long and treacherous journey on land to Venice, Niccolo and Maffeo made it in1268 and found that Pope Clement IV had recently died and no successor had been elected. Gregory X was elected the new Pope, and in 1271, Maffeo and Niccolo managed to secure the services of two inept Dominicans who would soon decide to desert the mission. The Polos went back to Beijing anyway, this time taking with them Marco, the teenage son of Niccolo Polo, who would become one of the most traveled people in the world. Marco, his father Niccolo, and his uncle Maffeo began their journey by sea to Acre in 1271. They arrived at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and decided to not travel by sea but to turn north and follow the ancient caravan routes through Iraq and Persia. The Polos went through Turkmenistan and Persia until they hit the Oxus River (now called the Amu Darya). They traveled across the plain of Pamir and crossed the desolate Gobi Desert where they then made it to the mercantile cities of Samarqand, Yarkant (Shache), and Kashgar (Kashi). Located in the northwest partof China, they reached Tangut. After a very long journey, the three Polos were made welcome at Shangdu the summer capital of the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan in 1275. Marco, the youngest Polo, soon became a favorite in the Chinese court ofthe Great Kublai Khan. After studying and becoming fluent in the native languages, Marco Polo became a commissioner in the Mongol government in 1277. Kublai Khan trusted the Venetian Marco Polo so much that he relied on his advice in many important affairs. The descriptions Marco Polo gave of the emperors palace fired the imaginations of generations of explorers andtravelers, all of whom wished to view for themselves the eight square miles of enclosed barracks, parade grounds, vast arsenals, storerooms, living quarters, library, and especially the treasury. As a trusted agent of Kublai Khan for seventeen years, Marco Polo had a very unique opportunity to see a developed and sophisticated way of life not seen by Western culture. Kublai Khan trusted Marco Polo so much that he made him governor of Yangzhou. Marco Polo visited nearly every part of both northern and southern China in his long and loyal service to the great khan, using the imperial horse andpacket-boat system that was kept in readiness for the comfort of governmentofficials. Marco Polo was kept in constant service of the khan by cataloging and describing in detail many huge cities, provinces, and major commercial towns. He was interested in everything, including the manufacturing arts, commerce, architecture, the residents in each area, and many other things. Marco Polo was very impressed and intrigued by the silk industry and the book contains an excellent early picture of silk culture, weaving, dying, and finishing. The treasures of the Chinese cities must have seemed unreal to thirteenth century Europe. Marco Polos description of Hangzhou included the fabled twelve thousand bridges of the city, its many huge markets and bazaars, its cavernous warehouses for its trade with India, and even its consumption of six tons of p epper a day. Marco Polo also visited India on business and in the same great detail recorded its commercial life. He also may have visited the steppes of Asia, or the original land of the Moguls, where Kublai Khans ancestors may have grazed their herds. Even though it is very doubtful that he traveled so far north, it may have been possible that the Venetian made it to Siberia. His accounts of his many journeys also indicate great interest towards the islands south of China, including the Philippines. Around 1292, the three Polos desired to return to their home, but they were so favored that Kublai Khan would not let them leave. It was very hard for him to let them leave, but in reluctance he permitted them to go withan official commission to take the Mogul princes daughter to her wedding in Persia. It took them three years to return home even though they primarily traveled by ship. On the way Marco Polo recorded his impressions of Java also know as the great island, and many other places like Madagascar, Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, Dragoian. They crossed the Red Sea and the adventurers finally reached Venice in 1295. Their extraordinary odyssey that lasted nearly twenty years finally came to an end.   Whent he Polos arrived to their old home their family that was staying there had presumed them dead and didnt believe it was they and would not let them in the house. After some arguing, the Polos convinced them that they really were who they said and their relatives allowed them in. Then Marco Polo was captured by the warring Genoese and imprisoned. While he was in prison, he dictated his experiences to prisoner and writer Rustichello of Pisa. The book was called Divisamentdou monde, later turned into The Travels of Marco Polo, 1579. Marco Polos uncle and father fell into the background and the young Marco Polo became the main figure. The great and in detail story was very readable and made a huge impression on Europe. The book was received in awe and it was not fully believed until other travelers to China verified parts of the tale. Christopher Columbus may have been stimulated to travel by this book and maybe many other famous explorers. Marco Polos account of his travels in Asia was one of the primary sources for the European image of Far East until the late nineteenth century.

Career Integration Research Assignment: Athletic Training Essay

The field of athletic training is one of the fastest expanding careers today. This could be due to the much greater demand for health care providers. Athletic trainers specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle and bone injuries. They work with a diverse group of patients, from young children to professional athletes. Athletic trainers are usually part of a sport medicine team, which tend to include a physician, physical therapist, and even a sport psychologist. Many athletic trainers work in educational facilities, such as high schools and colleges. However, much of their time is spent on the sport fields. The profession requires the trainers to apply their wide range of medical knowledge and, in order to do so, athletic trainers must have strong interpersonal and communication skills to converse with the athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents (Occupational outlook handbook, 2012). Athletic trainers are mainly responsible for injury recovery and prevention. However, these responsibilities are physical concerns, but what about the mental concerns? There is a movement within the athletic training field to approach sport injuries with a more holistic perspective. Many athletic trainers have had inadequate education in sport psychology to institute any sort of psychological methods in their rehabilitation programs. This paper will discuss some of the prospective ideas and various methods of rehabilitation tactics that could be used in the field, as well as how to properly train athletic trainers to administer both these mental and physical treatments. These mental treatments will be related back to sport and exercise psychology concepts; examples of this include strategies for setting realistic goals, methods fo... ...es to increase rehabilitation adherence. Athletic Therapy Today, 13(3), 18-19. Naylor, A. (2009). The role of mental training in injury prevention. Athletic Therapy Today, 14(2), 27-29. Occupational outlook handbook. (2012, March 29). Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Athletic-trainers.htm Podlog, L., & Eklund, R. (2009). High-level athletes' perceptions of success in returning to sport following injury. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 10(5), 535-544. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.003 Stiller-Ostrowski, J., & Ostrowski, J. (2009). Recently certified athletic trainers' undergraduate educational preparation in psychosocial intervention and referral. Journal Of Athletic Training, 44(1), 67-75. Wiese, D., Weiss, M., & Yukelson, D. (1991). Sport psychology in the training room: A survey of athletic trainers. Sport Psychologist, 5(1), 15-24.

Management and Organizational Structure

Management and Organizational Structure Given the business situation for Spectrum Brand p. 251, explain how the firm might organize using a Matrix structure for the organization. Spectrum Brands Corporation, after several years of producing and marketing only batteries has diversified by adding pet products, personal grooming items, and lawn and garden care products. To organize the Spectrum Brand, formerly known as Rayovac Corporation, using a matrix structure would involve setting up teams in different departments where lines of authority may intersect. This form of organizational structure is also called a project management structure. Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009). If Spectrum where to develop a pet product that may be battery operated, this may require employees from the pet products division and battery division to work with a project manager and their respective division managers to be successful in the development of this product. This organizational structure would be be neficial in this instance. Explain how the firm could operate using Multidivisional structure. The multidivisional structure or M-form of organizational structure organizes departments into larger groups called divisions. These divisions could be focused on either a product, region, or customer. There is delegation of decision making authority in a multidivisional structure (Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009). With Spectrum’s diversified marketing, the firm could operate using a multidivisional structure by establishing divisions for each of its products. Discuss which structure would be more effective. Explain. I believe a multidivisional structure would be more effective and beneficial to the Spectrum Brand Corporation as it â€Å"helps firms successfully manage the many demands of diversification† (Organizational Structure and Controls p. 47). Since diversification is where Spectrum appears to be headed, the multidivisional structure will allow the company to â€Å"(1) enable corporate officers to more accurately monitor performance of each division, simplifying control problems; (2) facilitate comparisons between divisions, improving the resource allocation process; (3) stimulate poo rly performing divisions to look for ways of improvement† (Organizational Structure and Controls p. 347). For each of your two organizational structures, give three examples of potential communication problems the structure might cause. Recommend corrective actions the company can take to address these issues. Matrix Structure -Potential Communication Problem When reporting to two managers employees may not know who to report to on certain tasks. Managers may have different goals or different expectations or routes to meeting a certain goal or deadline. A potential communication problem can arise from different departments collaborating with little to no knowledge of the other. Corrective Action To correct these potential communication deficiencies in a matrix organization structure, I recommend management outline all job responsibilities to include reporting assignments according to tasks. Division managers and project managers should also be very detailed and specific on all job tasks collaboratively. Expectations and exact means to meeting goals and deadlines should be clearly defined with employees should problems in communication arise. If a communication problem occurs due an issue with the lack of knowledge of a product or task management should immediately assess the deficiency and provide any training or even cross train departments to eliminate such occurrences. Multidivisional Structure-Potential Communication Problem Employees may feel less likely to air grievances. Employees may have different views or innovative ideas but feel reluctant to communicate these to management. Some product knowledge may not be shared across divisions although under the same company. Corrective Action The corrective action I would recommend for potential communication problems n a multidivisional organizational structure would include always including select lower level employees in decision making. I would also recommend cross training employees to learn other products the company markets. For each of your two organizational structures, recommend the degree of centralization that would be most effective. Explain. For a matrix st ructure the degree of centralization that would be most effective would be a decentralized organization. With this degree of centralization, â€Å"decision making is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible† (Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009 p. 44) . In a multidivisional structure a centralized organization would be most effective because of the many divisions its comprised of. In a centralized organization â€Å"authority is concentrated at the top and very little decision making authority is delegated to lower levels† (Ferrell, Hirt, and Ferrell, 2009 p. 243). References O. C. Ferrell, (2009 Custom Edition). Business: A Changing World, Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill. Organizational Structure and Controls. Retrieved May 2010 from http://asso. nordnet. fr/adreg/hitt%20et%20al%20chapitre%2011%20structure%20et%20controle. pdf

E-Commerce in East Africa

Table of Contents Definition and background2 Reasons for growth of e-commerce in East Africa. 4 Influence of e-commerce on trading practices in East Africa. 5 Types of e-commerce8 Challenges facing the growth of e-commerce in East Africa. 9 1. Poor infrastructure9 Computer illiteracy9 Lack of proper regulation9 Inadequate capital10 Inadequate personnel10 Conclusion10 References11 Definition and backgroundE-commerce refers to business conducted through the use of computers, telephones, fax machines, barcode readers, credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) or other electronic appliances (whether or not using the internet) without the exchange of paper-based documents. It includes activities such as procurement, order entry, transaction processing, payment, authentication and non-repudiation, inventory control, order fulfillment, and customer support. When a buyer pays with a bank card swiped through a magnetic-stripe-reader, he or she is participating in e-commerce. |It mainly in volves the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well.Originally, electronic commerce was identified as the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. Another form of e-commerce was the airline reservation system typified by Sabre in the USA and Travicom in the UK.Electronic commerce or ecommerce is a term for any type of business, or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. It covers a range of different types of businesses, from consumer based retail sites, through auction or music sites, to business exchanges trading goods and services between corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge. Ecommerce allows consumers to electronically exchange goods and services with no barriers of time or distance.Electronic commerce has expanded rapidly over the past five years and is predicted to continue at this rate, or even accelerate. In the near future the boundaries between â€Å"conventional† and â€Å"electronic† commerce will become increasingly blurred as more and more businesses move sections of their operations onto the Internet. Business to Business or B2B refers to electronic commerce between businesses rather than between a business and a consumer. B2B businesses often deal with hundreds or even thousands of other businesses, either as customers or suppliers.Carrying out these transactions electronically provides vast competitive advantages over traditional methods. When implemented properly, ecommerce is often faster, cheaper and more convenient than the traditional methods of bartering goods and services. Electronic transactions have been around for quite some time in the form of Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. EDI requires each supplier and customer to set up a dedicated data link (between them), where ecommerce provides a cost-effective method for companies to set up multiple, and ad-hoc links.Electronic commerce has also led to the development of electronic marketplaces where supplie rs and potential customers are brought together to conduct mutually beneficial trade. Just like the rest of the world, East Africa hasn’t been left behind in adopting e-commerce as a way of doing business. Many individuals, corporations and even governments have resolved to using e-commerce in consummating their business transactions, albeit on a smaller margin as compared to western countries or the more developed world economies.Countries in east Africa, that is Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania have all been taking steps in the recent past to ensure that trade among them grows as a way of boosting the economic growth of these countries. One of the steps has clearly been adopting the use of e-commerce. Relevant infrastructure has been or is being established to back up this adoption. Since e-commerce ideally is all about the internet, most of the infrastructure I am referring to involves it in way or another.Most notably has been the laying of the fiber optic cable from the coast of Kenya towards the inland that allows for high speed internet access. Reasons for growth of e-commerce in East Africa. The rapid growth of e-commerce since 1995 is due to the unique features of the Internet and the Web as a commercial medium: * Ubiquity: Internet/Web technology is everywhere, at work, home, and elsewhere, and anytime, providing a ubiquitous market space, a marketplace removed from a temporal and geographical location. * Global reach: The technology reaches across national boundaries. Universal standards: There is one set of Internet technology standards, which greatly lower market entry costs (the costs to bring goods to market) and reduce search costs (the effort to find products) for the consumer. * Richness: Information richness refers to the complexity and content of a message. Internet technology allows for rich video, audio, and text messages to be delivered to large numbers of people. * Interactivity: The technology works through interaction with the user. * Information density: Information density is the total amount and quality of information available to all market participants.Internet technology reduces information costs and raises quality of information, enabling price transparency (the ease for consumers of finding a variety of prices) and cost transparency (the ability of consumers to determine the actual costs of products). Information density allows merchants to engage in price discrimination (selling goods to targeted groups at different prices). * Personalization/customization: E-commerce technologies permit personalization (targeting personal messages to consumers) and customization (changing a product or service based on consumer preference or history.Influence of e-commerce on trading practices in East Africa. As it has already been established, e-commerce is being used, even though not so widely in East Africa. The firms or organizations that have decided to employ e-commerce are benefiting from it in the following way s: 1. Exploitation of New Business Broadly speaking, electronic commerce emphasizes the generation and exploitation of new . business opportunities and to use popular phrases: â€Å"generate business value† or â€Å"do more with less† Safaricom, mobile service provider has the m-pesa service that captured so many customers and helped many people establish new businesses.There is also the m-kesho service which is a joint venture between Safaricom and Equity Bank that has enabled many small business owners and individuals to access banking services. 2. Enabling the Customers Electronic Commerce is enabling the customer to have an increasing say in what products are made, how products are made and how services are delivered (movement from a slow order fulfillment process with little understanding of what is taking place inside the firm, to a faster and rt1ore open process with customers having greater control. . Improvement of Business Transaction Electronic Commerce ende avors to improve the execution of business transaction over various networks. 4. Effective Performance It leads to more effective performance i. e. better quality, greater customer satisfaction and better corporate decision making. 5. Greater Economic Efficiency We may achieve greater economic efficiency (lower cost) and more rapid exchange (high speed, accelerated, or real-time interaction) with the help of electronic commerce. 6. Execution of InformationIt enables the execution of information-laden transactions between two ore more parties using inter connected networks. These networks can be a combination of ‘plain old telephone system’ (POTS), Cable TV, leased lines and wireless. Information based transactions are creating new ways of doing business and even new types of business. 7. Incorporating Transaction Electronic Commerce also inco11'orates transaction management, which organizes, routes, processes and tracks transactions. It also includes consumers making el ectronic payments and funds transfers. 8.Increasing of Revenue Firm use technology to either lower operating costs or increase revenue. Electronic Commerce has the Potential to increase revenue by creating new markets for old products, creating new information-based products, and establishing new service delivery channels to better serve and interact with customers. The transaction management aspect of electronic commerce can also enable firms to reduce operating costs by enabling better coordination in the sales, production and distribution processes and to consolidate operations arid reduce overhead. . Reduction of Friction Electronic Commerce research and its associated implementations is to reduce the â€Å"friction† in on line transactions frictions is often described in economics as transaction cost. It can arise from inefficient market structures and inefficient combinations of the technological activities required to make a transaction. Ultimately, the reduction of fr iction in online commerce will enable smoother transaction between buyers, intermediaries and sellers. 10. Facilitating of Network Form Electronic Commerce is also impacting business . o business interactions. It facilitates the network form of organization where small flexible firms rely on other partner, companies for component supplies and product distribution to meet changing customer demand more effectively. Hence, an end to end relationship management solution is a desirable goal that is needed to manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors and even competitors. The management of â€Å"online transactions† in the supply chain assumes a central roll. 11. Facilitating for Organizational ModelIt is facilitating an organizational model that is fundamentally different from the past. It is a control organization to the information based organization. The emerging forms of techno-organizational structure involve changes in managerial respon sibilities, communication and information flows and work group structure. Types of e-commerce Business-to-business (B2B) Business that sells products or provides services to other businesses. Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business that sells products or provides services to end-user consumers.Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) Consumers sell directly to other consumers. Business-to-government (B2G) Government buys or provides goods, services or information to/from businesses or individual citizens. Business-to-employee (B2E) Information and services made available to employees online. Mobile commerce (m-commerce) E-commerce transactions and activities conducted in a wireless environment. Collaborative commerce (c-commerce) Individuals or groups communicate or collaborate online. Challenges facing the growth of e-commerce in East Africa. . Poor infrastructure. Many consumers and businesses in the east African region are not able to access internet services due to poor access of the internet and online services in general. This makes it difficult for them to transact through the internet and hence e-commerce has not been able to grow at a reasonable rate. This poor internet access can be attributed to the poor infrastructure currently being used in the region. Modern high performance network equipment has to be installed for e-commerce to grow as expected. Computer illiteracyMany individuals in the east African region do not have access to computers and those who might have access do not know how to use them. This has largely affected the growth of e-commerce since computers are an integral part of the online business. This is why many online transactions in the region are usually done by way of mobile phones which again aren’t that accessible to the common citizenry. Lack of proper regulation The internet is largely unregulated. Many businesses and individuals lose their money to unscrupulous and fraudulent business people who take advantage of the lack of proper r ules and regulations to play foul.The situation is even worse in east Africa and many businesses are losing money hindering their expansion and the industry in general. Inadequate capital Investment in the equipment and manpower required to run online business is very expensive and most firms cannot afford it. Computers, database managers, hard drives, software and software managers are all needed to keep on online system running. Administration of such systems is also very expensive and it needs regular updating and upgrading. Inadequate personnel Many firms in east Africa do not have the expertise needed to run these e-commerce systems.The curriculum in schools and higher learning institutions do not offer adequate skills. Expertise has to be imported from the rest of the world to complement the little that we have. This makes it so expensive to run online businesses. Conclusion Even though it has taken so long for e-commerce to be integrated into the business world in east Africa , it is finally here and it is being appreciated by those who are willing to adopt it. The governments of the countries in the region are doing a lot of investment in the required infrastructure to see to it that internet is accessed widely and cheaply.Investors from other countries have also realized that this east African region holds a lot of potential and are willing to invest their money to boost online trading establishments. There are still many challenges that need to be surmounted and e-commerce has gotten to its feet fully, but with the measures being taken by the governments, the private sector and many other stakeholders in the information technology sector, it is only a matter of time before e-commerce becomes fully operative in the region.This will present a lot of opportunities that will help improve the standards of living in the region. References * www. ecommerce-land. com * www. ihub. co. ke * The Economics of M-Pesa, William Jack and Tavneet Suri, 2nd Edition, Au gust 2010 * www. kcbbankgroup. com * www. imbank. com * The Smart Company, The Daily Nation, 17th July 2012 page 8-9

Marketting mix on coca cola Essay Example

Marketting mix on coca cola Essay Example Marketting mix on coca cola Paper Marketting mix on coca cola Paper The services marketing mix is also called the ups and includes the addition of process, people and physical evidence. 3. Ups of Neurotransmitter: Product means the goods and services combination the company offer to the target racket. Price: Price is the amount of money customer must pay to obtain the product. 4. Ups of Marketplace: Place includes company activities that make the product available to target customers. Promotion: Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of product and persuade target customers to buy it. 5. ACS of Marketings is also important for marketing mix. The four CSS includes-O Customer Solutions Customer Cost Convenience Communication 6. Coca Cola Founded in beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce more than 230 beverage brands. The corporate headquarters are in Atlanta, with local operations in nearly 200 countries around the world. The Coca Cola Company is a leader in the cokes industry, with thousands of employees and offices in the entire world, making it an emporium of beverages. 7. Vision Mission The Coca-Cola Company vision statement is to be the leader in the beverages industry. The companys main goal is to keep being number one selling coke in the world and to increase their incomes, the same way they have done in their past years. 8. Strengths The products that this company produces are hard to copy. These products have added value The quality of the products reaches highest standards Is a leader in the industry Is known in all the world 9. Marketing Mix of Coca Collateralized Product: The Coca- Cola Companys pro ducts include beverage concentrates and syrups, with the main product being finished beverages. The business has over 300 brands of beverages around the world with the main ones being Coke, Fauna, Lift, Sprite, and Powered. Different Price: The prices of Coca-colas products vary according to the brand and the size. Each sub-brand of coca cola has different pricing strategy. Their racing strategy is based on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is the direct competitor to coke. 10. Marketing Mix of Coca Collaborationist Activities: The Coca-Cola Company sells its products by bottling and canning operations. The distributors reached the coke to the wholesalers and the wholesalers reached it to retailers. And at last the customers buy coca cola from retailer shop. Promotion Activities: Advertising The Coca-Cola Company uses advertising as its main source of increasing consumer awareness. It mainly uses the television. There are many television advertisements on Coca-Cola products. This source allows the companys products to reach a large audience. 11. Coca-Cola in Evenhandedness-Cola is the most popular and biggest- selling soft drink insisting, as well as the best-known product in the world. Cochlea is the oldest brand in Bangladesh. From the last 50 yearbooks cola has been marketing its products through electroencephalograms of Bangladesh. However, now it is marketed Abdul Money Limited. It marketed coca cola under authority of the coca cola company, USA and distributes focal-Cola, Sprite and Fauna in Bangladesh. 12. Marketing mix of Coca Cola in Bangladesh:product: Coca Cola offers two efferent sweet and flavored cola in our country. This is normal cola and another is dieting Cola. Coca Cola does not frequently change its taste. It has many nutritional values similar to Pepsi. It serves different type of beverage like Sprite, Fauna, etc. Price: Coca Cola Bangladesh Limited always tries to keep a standard price. It also offers promotional discounts, allowances, credit terms and payment period for the stores and Restaurants. Coca Cola, furthermore, offers discounts in a family size bottle frequently. To thing consumer buying power the coca cola company manufacture efferent types of can for our countries people, so that they can easily buy it. 13. Marketing mix of Coca Cola in Bangladesh:place: Coca Cola Bangladesh Limited has a strong distribution channel to distribute their Coca Cola. They make Coca Cola easy to get and available to the customer everywhere through their expert distributors channel. Their transport facilities, channels of distribution, coverage area, etc. Are maintained very securely. Promotion: Coca cola spends millions of dollar for and color to advertise. Coca Cola makes sales promotion, advertising, force selling, public relations, direct marketing, etc. Sometimes local and international games inaugurated by the help of coca cola Bangladesh Ltd. 14. Summarys Cola now a brand all around the word. Every day they promote their market every corner of the world. More than 60 percent soft drinks liked people like coca cola. They have different kinds of products like Coke, Sprite, Fauna, Lift etc. They always try to provide their product with low price with different packaging. As it is a soft drink, Coca-Cola Company follows Intensive Distribution. It is found more or less everywhere in Bangladesh. In terms of promotions they use Emotional Appeal.

The House of Mango Tree Sandra Cisneros Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The House of Mango Tree Sandra Cisneros - Essay Example Interpretations by different readers mainly depend on the cultures of different readers and obviously their preformed perception or mentality about particular subjects. This being a literature book,it cogently utilizes several literary features that readers have to comprehend to come up with substantial conclusion based on the book. Cisnero’s book has certain unavoidable appealing features that not only make it an interesting book to read but also a research tool on literature analysis. The author has poetic, keen insights and stream of consciousness that makes the book easily readable and memorable. The chapters are almost self-contained, lyrical and dense like poetry. In essence, the book has a poetic appeal in the way it uses imagery such as the small home. Despite her not liking the place, it remains the only place bringing the members of his family together. Her dream is about something that is common in anyone(Cisneros 23). She wants to own a good home and a better life in future. She dreams of hope as her name means. In one part of the story, the narrator informs the reader how she was reminded of different houses they had lived in. They included gray houses in Alaska, which were in dilapidated condition. She also talks of her current spacious condo in Austin. From a normal reader’s point of view, it is automatic from the several illustrations in the book that where we live in really shapes the kind of life we live later in life.

Marketing Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Report - Coursework Example This has also been done for understanding the external environment. The findings derived after analyzing the market for IKEA revealed that IKEA is one of the major players in the furniture retailing market and though the company has many competitors, but due to certain Unique Selling Proposition (USP) the competitors would not be able to shake the strong foundation of the company. The company might face problems due to the economic slowdown that is prevailing around the world, due to which the sales might get affected. Introduction IKEA Furniture is private furniture retail chain in UK, which sells furniture and home products. The company also deals in customized furniture which has to be assembled according to the preferences of the customers. IKEA is one of the world’s largest furniture retailers and it sells furniture like beds, desks, chairs, tables, home appliances and accessories. The company was founded by Ingvar Kamprad in the year 1943, in Sweden. IKEA is best known f or stylish, designable and easy to handle furniture. Their furniture is eco-friendly and simply designed. Apart from its products, the company is also known for its cost control aspect. The company has always maintained a standard in controlling its internal cost, paying ample attention to the operational details and continuously developing and improving their product. IKEA is now owned and operated by both profit and non-profit organization. So the corporate structure of the company is segregated into two parts, namely: franchising and operations. The aim of this study is to analyze the functions and developments of IKEA furniture, conduct a complete market analysis of the company so as to understand the present position of the company in the industry and finally recommend strategies for improvement (IKEA, 2012). Procedure The aim of the study is to conduct competitor, market, environmental, customer and internal analysis for IKEA Furniture, so that the actual position of the compa ny in the global market can be identified. Competitors’ analysis can be done by first identifying the competitors, understanding their strategies for the customers, predicting the future steps of the competitors, assessing the value chain of the competitors and developing strategies to challenge their method. The market share of the competitors has to be estimated. The environmental analysis can be done by analyzing the external environmental of the country where IKEA has planned to open up a retail store. Similarly customers’ analysis can be done by studying the behavioural and psychological patterns of the consumers. Finally the internal analysis of the company would be done by assessing the human, financial, and physical resources within the company. Findings Competitor Analysis The major competitors of IKEA are ASDA, Ashley, and Bassett Furniture Industries among others. According to the CEO of the company, their brand awareness is must more than the size of the co mpany. This is because IKEA is not just a furniture merchant like the competitors, but it sells lifestyle to its customers. Apart

Definition Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Definition Argument - Essay Example She has been able to establish much following due to her popular music. Through various platforms such as facebook and tweeter, Taylor Swift interacts actively with her fans in a system that appears to be a family. Her fan community comprises of fans that are characterized by a feeling of camaraderie and empathy with others who share a common interest. In this case, the fan community is interested even in minor details of the celebrity of their fandom and hence spend a significant amount of energy and time involving with their interest in most cases as a part of a social network. Accordingly, the article will explain the six characteristics of a discourse community as described by Professor John Swales. Taylor Swift’s fun base has demonstrated each of the six characteristics and hence can be classified as a discourse community. A fan community demonstrates a commonness of goals and objectives. According the Professor John Swales, â€Å"discourse community is characterized by the commonness of goal and objectives†(Swales 471). Taylor’s fans are engaged in each and every activity that she engages in. He declares that the community has set and agreed upon a set of common objectives that keeps the community aligned together. The fan community shares the experience the Taylor awesome talent in music. The fan are engaged on a fan page, though having minimal numbers of fans gives the platform to those who have joined share more about Taylor. There are updates on Taylor too such as latest events that Taylor is attending or planning to attend, her trends in fashion through a gallery of photos and some of her music that have remained in the global billboard making her one of the youngest musician to top for close to four years consecutively. In terms of a common goal, Taylor’s fans are mostly up coming musicians and other lover of Americans music. They engage each others on various platforms where they share opinions regarding various singles and albums

The Dragon Rider Essay Example for Free

The Dragon Rider Essay The Dragon Rider is an adventure fantasy novel by Cornelia Funke. The Thief Lord and Inkheart, two other novels by this author, became bestsellers and now Funke’s admirers can enjoy her next work by her. The Dragon Rider is a classical fiction novel. Simple linear narration makes the reading easy, while lively characters and twisted plot make it interesting. In the beginning of narration the novel is set in peaceful Scottish valley. Dragons, who live there are threatened by the invasion of men. Firedrake, a young silver dragon is the main character of the novel. He starts his journey to find legendary Rim of Heaven, a place where dragons can live in peace. Orphan Ban, brownie Sorrel and homunculus Twigleg accompany him in his long and dangerous journey. They make a long way crossing Europe and passing Middle East in order to reach India. Together friends experience a lot of exiting adventures. They have to fight terrible artificial dragon Nettlebrand, who wants to destroy all dragons and reach magical Rim of Heaven. Confrontation between Firedrake and Nettlebrand make the main external conflict of the story. Firedrake and his friends have also to fight giant eagles, wicked dwarfs and little elves. All bad characters of the novel are dark and evil and threaten Firedrake and his friends. Luckily, there are creatures, who are ready to help friends. Gain serpent, djinn and Professor Greenbloom help them to escape their enemies. All characters of the novel are interesting and unique. Each of them has something, which makes the readers care about his or her further fate. Wit dialogues makes the reading easy and interesting. Despite the book is pretty long it is read quickly. Simple narration style makes this novel a page-turner and a very enjoyable read. The book is notable by the big number of characters and succession of episodes, where main characters meet different obstacles on their way to the goal. Fantastic places and events described by the author place the reader into wonderful imaginary world, where everything is possible and mysterious creatures live next to ordinary people. The story is not only a description of Firedrake’s adventures. It is also a story of real friendship, self-sacrifice and achieving goals. Despite characters of the novel are imaginary creatures, they behave like humans and have same problems as people do. They suffer and laugh, doubt and look for important answers. The journey helps the main characters to discover inner strength and power. They learn to achieve their goals and care about the feelings of others. Orphan Ban finds friends he did not manage to meet among people. Little dragon Firedrake destroys myth about evil dragons and proves that they can be kind and caring creatures, who hurt nobody. Even Sorrel, who makes fun of everything and everybody turns to be kind-hearted and caring creature. The value of friendship is one of the main themes of the novel. The author wants to readers to understand that all creatures can exist peacefully in the Universe. People and dragons, serpents and brownies, they all can coexist peacefully. Our planet is diverse and there is enough space for everybody here. The value of human life and all creatures, which live on our planet, is another important message of the book. The main characters come to this realization by the end of the novel. In addition, they visit a lot of interesting places and discover a lot of important things about themselves. Corneila Funke wants her readers to know that any goal can be achieved if you have enough courage in your heart and true friends ready to help you. Sources Funke, Cornelia. , Dragon Rider, Published by Chicken House, 2004.

Knowledge management and policy working document celltech

Knowledge management and policy working document celltech This report discusses a number of knowledge management frameworks and techniques which are more relevant for CellTechs business and operations. We begin with analyzing the knowledge environment in CellTech case study over various stages of the organizational change and mapping that knowledge toward the KM models and frameworks to understand the practical use of the techniques in real time. The famous techniques or frameworks which are discussed in this report are Exploration and exploitation, cultural web, SECI, Garvins 5 block of learning organization, I-Space and emotional intelligence. Using these techniques or framework we will understand the potential contribution and importance of knowledge management in organizational growth. Finally the review will evaluate the possible issues surrounding the creation and transfer of knowledge in CellTechs knowledge management policy. Understanding of CellTech case study Celltech Europes one of the oldest biotechnology organization into Biologics and Therapeutics development of drugs. The firm had different management approach from 1980 1996 with its conversional business of contract manufacturing and biologics research to creation of innovative drugs and then toward the collaboration with leading large pharmaceutical companies. From the understanding of the case study I classified the CellTech to three periods, During 1980s Two business, contract manufacturing and in-research. Contract manufacturing is the prime revenue generating business and the costs involved in researches are cover by the contract manufacturing. More number of employee were working on biologics research and contract manufacturing Therapeutics research was done in-house and Biologics was with contractors. Shareholders were not happy with CellTech revenue and cash burn for 2 years seems to be an overall concern. Early 1990s New CEO was appointed to bring new ideas to change CellTechs progress (Dr. Peter Fellner). Want to focus on new drug development and seen the potential of innovative drugs manufacturing (Therapeutic). Flat organization structure was created and business was divided into two divisions (Biologic and therapeutic), and Fellners vision to expand therapeutic division RD. Interdisciplinary teams were formed in research to build new capabilities among scientists. Market penetration through clinical trials Bayer collaboration and gain marketing knowledge. To change the cash burn situation through Bayers collaboration Milestone payment. New skills on therapeutics were required so scientists were recruited to replace the clubs of old. Late 1990s Biologics division of the company was sold since profit margin was going down. Change in focus to develop new innovative drugs to advance the human health. CellTech created strong partnership with world leading pharmaceutical companies for the therapeutic drugs discovery and development. Senior management gained experience in both pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector. To monitor the progress on various functions different review systems were setup. By the end of 1996 CellTech had a good market position in UK biotech sector. Balancing between Exploitation and Exploration CellTech Exploitation is defined as the use of already exiting things like exiting product information, organization structure or other word its the firms core competencies. Exploration means pursue of new things which might come to be known otherwise exploring opportunities for building something new (Levinthal and March, 1993). Exploitation and exploration mainly focus and revolve on the Core competency of the organization i.e. exploitation is the use currently known core competency and exploration is to pursue new core competency. Core competences are ability by which organization deploy resources for their activities and process to get competitive advantage over the others so that it cant be imitate or obtained. According to Cohen and levinthal (1990), for the success a firm has to maintain balance between exploitation and exploration and March (1991) believe that the primary factor for the survival and success in long run would be balance between these two. In the case of CellTech, they wanted move out of cash burn and to be a financial successful organization through exploration such as collaboration. CellTech core competences during 1980 were contract manufacturing and they developed world class antibodies with contract companies. This can be viewed as the Levinthal and Marchs (1993) exploitation the use of development of things already known. Exploration Dilemma When the organization wanted for new management, to bring new thoughts and culture through appointment Dr. Fellner as CEO and when Fellner came into the organization, he brought new idea to change the current organization style. Following are the some changes came through new CEO and this give the view of Levinthal and Marchs (1993) exploration, Restructuring the organization with more flat structure (two division Biologic and therapeutic to have control and monitoring). Investment on Therapeutics new drugs development and also to bring more interdisciplinary team approach to build multi-skilled scientist. Recruitment of new scientists in Therapeutic to bring new skills on the drug development. Collaboration with Bayer on the clinical trials The First balancing factors from the CellTech was, When Dr.Fellner seen more business opportunities in therapeutic RD, he divided the organization with exiting competency (Biologic, exploitation) and new competency (Therapeutic, exploration). In the initial stage therapeutic business was like a cost centre, more depending on the revenue from contract manufacturing and later emerged as profit centre new employees were recruited on therapeutic side while club of old from biologic moved out. In the late 1990s when the Therapeutic side was doing well with more clinical trial on pipe line and new collaborations with market leading and selling out the Biologic company see to be the second balancing factor. CellTech initial collaboration with Bayer helped them to establish better relationship with other later. The Bayer collaboration actually bailed them out from cash burn and to invest on therapeutic research. According to March (1991), balancing factor between exploitation and exploration is difficult and complicated, learning can contribute to imbalance. Levinthal and March (1991) believes competency trap will be the outcome of inappropriate learning i.e. excess exploitation or exploration can lead to imbalance. I do agree that imbalance can rise but in this case study the application toward balancing the horses (Exploitation and Exploration) were well managed like bringing interdisciplinary team, flat organizational structure, slow increase of employee in therapeutic research and utilizing the learns learned from Bayer collaboration to other collaborations. Culture Knowledge Sharing in Organization Culture can described as how thing are done and it is the combination of values, behavior, belief and paradigm (taken for granted assumptions). Organizational culture is the value and beliefs which forms an integral part of organization what is chosen to see and absorb (Davenport Prusak 2000). It includes opinion on the shared reality, regarding how things are acting now and how it should be in future. In a growing organization, knowledge and knowledge sharing are the inseparable culture. Following are three levels of culture which exist in an organization (Schein 1992), Artifacts mean the visible elements in the organization such as processes, organization structure, and fixed assets. These elements can only understood inside the organization and from the outside it not understood why things are done in such ways. Espoused values are beneath the artifacts to support the organizations functions such as strategies and goals. These values are created by the leaders or the management in the organization and if these values are not framed correctly then the management is in big trouble. Assumptions are the actual core value of the culture which largely present at unconscious level of the organizations human resource like thought and feelings. Davenport Prusak (2000) believes that knowledge sharing culture plays an important role to enable the transfer and creation of knowledge within the organization. In order to make knowledge management as practice, the employees of the organization much cooperate to share their knowledge with others (Interdisciplinary learning). The leader of the organization also should understand the culture from the overall organization and community level to share knowledge. New CEOs approach towards organizational culture change The first change Dr. Fellner brought to the organization is to separate the company into two divisions and to bring more focus on the therapeutic in-house research. Then he changed the organization to a flat structure with more focus towards new drug development. Interdisciplinary teams to focus on cross sectional learning within the organization to develop multi skilled scientists. The collaboration with Bayer was the major milestone for the CellTech from the financial side but when we see the knowledge perspective it was the clinical trial phase II knowledge transmission to Bayer. Mapping to Cultural Web Johnson and Scholes (2002) explains cultural web as the indentifying factor to describe various factors influencing organizational cultural both for current and future. The below figure 1 shows the culture web mapping towards the CellTech(after Dr. Fellners change), Figure 1: Cultural Web Paradigm: The assumptions set by the organization on the whole for the long run. Rituals and Routines: These represent the way the things are do around here. The ways that organizations member behave each others. Stories and myths: The different stakeholders of the organization pass on common beliefs of the past events and reinforcing the peoples behavior by telling the importance of the organization. Symbols: The elements of the organizations, including titles, language and dress codes. Control Systems: The various review set by the organization to measure the outcome of polices and to reward people based on the performance. Organizational Structures: It is the formal structure of the firm, how the chain of command flows from the top to bottom. Power structures: It is the key element tells about how the power is distributed in the organization, the paradigm is more shaped by the people or the group has more power. The knowledge sharing for CellTech is considered more important since the companys focus not only on the drug development but also on the collaboration. For instance we take the Bayer initial collaboration where CellTech was responsible for developing the drug up to phase II and then pass it on to Bayer for further development. Here passing it to Bayer means a huge amount of knowledge in terms of test results and the experiences of the scientists at various stages are documented and shared. As mentioned by Dr.Bloxham lessons were learned which were applied to the late, post 1992 collaboration, here knowledge is not only shared but being gained. CellTech not only wanted to share knowledge with other competitor as collaborator but also wanted the own scientists to share knowledge by having an interdisciplinary team approach in the drug development team. Building Biochemist would be a good example of CellTechs initiative on the interdisciplinary skill development on it scientists. According to Knight and Howes (2003) there are behaviors which are heavily inbuilt in each and every workplace to restrict the effectiveness of the knowledge sharing. To initiate knowledge management it is important to know which of the behaviors can and cannot be changed and Cultural Web model categorize the influencing factors on the peoples behavior. Knight and Howes (2003) believes cultural web can be used an auditing tool to analysis what is currently valued in the organization and to define the how best future culture is required for the organization. To keep competitive advantage in the market to changing circumstances, culture and structures have to be altered by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness (Bali, Wickramasinghe, Lehaney (2009). The cultural changes are required when a new strategy is to be implemented and in this changing world its going to be a cyclic process. Knowledge generation and transfer SECI Social interaction is the means by which the Knowledge generation and transfer happens and it is the generation and transfer of tacit and explicit knowledge between individual and group. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) come up with a model called SECI to understand process involved in the nature of knowledge creation and effective management of knowledge in the dynamic environment. The idea of the model to highlight importances of the knowledge possessed by individual is shared with other individual or group. Explicit Knowledge CellTech Explicit knowledge is the knowledge which can be expressed in a systematic formal language and shared in form of specifications, policies and form of data. The knowledge here is captured and documented in a physical form and it is very direct to understand and easy source to be obtained through papers (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). ). From CellTech case study we can see explicit knowledge right from the begin and following are some of them, Financial status of the CellTech especially the cash burn was known by everyone in the organization and should have been know by the balance sheet report. Restructuring the organization to a flat structure Contract manufacturing to research and development redefining the focus of the company by new CEO The trail phases handed over to collaboration companies here the CellTech transfers the intellectual knowledge to other company to further development and it should have been done with more documentation and knowledge transfer sessions. All the review systems setup to monitor the progress of the organization Tacit knowledge CellTech Tacit knowledge is the knowledge which is very hard to formalize or documented and it is more deeply rooted on the action and emotion. The most part of the tacit knowledge is acquired by previous experience and more internal and this knowledge can be transferred in a verbal formal to another (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). From CellTech case study we can see tacit knowledge right from the begin and following are some of them, Scientists gaining knowledge in the Biologic and therapeutic research Interdisciplinary leaning from scientists in therapeutic research The skills of the new employees in therapeutic research The lessons learnt from the Bayer collaboration for the management to explore more collaboration later with other pharmaceutical companies SECI Spiral According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), creation of knowledge is a spiral process involving explicit and tacit knowledge interactions and this will lead to new knowledge creation. The explicit and tacit knowledge combination in SECI model is been conceptualized into four stages and the figure 2 shows the four stages, Figure 2: SECI Knowledge Spiral Socialization in SECI believes that knowledge creation begins with the tacit acquisition of knowledge by people i.e. from people who know to people who dont know (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995: 62-4). From CellTech point of view it can be the new skills from the new scientists to the clubs of old and from the clubs of old the organizational process like research and development focus can be shared to the new employee. CellTech also created opportunity for the employee to socialize by having breakout area near the drug development labs. Externalization is the second stage in knowledge conversion where tacit knowledge is converted to explicit. Here individual tacit knowledge comes out and become explicit group knowledge (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995: 66). From the CellTech point of view the interdisciplinary learning will give opportunity to the team to learn the skills which they dont possess like chemist helping biologist team. Combination is the next stage where the knowledge is systematized and it happened when group of people synthesis various explicit source of knowledge into plans, documents or reports (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995: 67). From the CellTech point of all the review systems setup to monitor all the functions of the organizations will be the systemizing process for the knowledge management. Internalization is the fourth stage in the SECI and described as a process of personifying the explicit to tacit knowledge. Internalization can also be mention as learning explicit knowledge and doing thing through tacit knowledge (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995: 69). In CellTech case study we can see internalization when clinical trials move from one phase to another scientist pass on the experience drugs development and when CellTech used the Bayer collaboration experience to make more successful future collaboration also can be considered internalization. The knowledge conversion is considered to be a social process where from individual to group at different organizational levels the knowledge is amplified and crystallized as part of the organization knowledge network (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995: 73). This model assists the organization to manage the knowledge creation at various levels. The understanding of tacit and explicit knowledge in an organization is important before considering the knowledge capturing and creation and good understanding of both will help to identify what part of knowledge is important and to be shared. The controlled way of managing knowledge will help the organization to achieve the strategic goal easily. Coming to CellTech like organization where there is plenty of tacit knowledge, has to be formalized to a process to make it explicit. Hereby make it explicit help the organization to develop and create awareness of the knowledge i.e. clinical drug development experience from individual can be formally docum ents from the individual team and circulated to the other development teams so everyone will be aware of the particular situation or incident. Other Frameworks Learning Organization Garvins 5 Blocks As commonly said, to be ahead of competition, organization constantly must enhance the way the business is done. To enhance the business, organization must learn things much faster than their competitors. But more such enhancements in business fail because many mangers do not realize the importance of learning (Garvin, 1993). Garvin (1993) say if an organization wants to become a learning organization then it is recommended to master these five activities, Systematic problem solving Dont solve problem on gut instinct but rather used data. Experimentation with new approaches Bring small experiments to existing process and gain knowledge. Learning from their own experience and past history Review and use of learns learnt from the past Learning from the experiences and best practices of others Use of knowledge from the macro environment like competitor. Transferring knowledge effectively throughout the organization Initiating interdisciplinary and cross disciplinary learning environment to exchange and share knowledge. Social Learning I Space I-Space is a social learning conceptual model that relates to data structuring to data sharing within the organization (Boisot, 1995). This framework helps to analysis the dynamic flow of knowledge in two aspects i.e. structure and sharing of information, more you structure information more faster and extensively used. I-Space is otherwise represented as three dimensional model (figure 3) codification, abstraction and diffusion. Structuring of information will be presented by the codification and abstraction dimension and sharing of information will diffusion dimension (Boisot, 1995). Dalkir (2007) feels Boisot model is the integration of theoretical foundation of social learning and provides the link between information and knowledge management in a best way. He also suggest through this I-Space social cycle organization can manage their knowledge assets well we compare to other KM models. Figure 3: The Social Learning Cycle [Boisot 1998:60] Emotional Intelligence and Knowledge Transfer Emotional intelligence is being well aware of own feelings and of others in an organization, managing emotions well within our self and in others relationship (Mortiboys, 2005:7). According to McKenna (2006) it is more concerned with emotional action and social skill of individual. Nonaka (1994) belief the success and failure of knowledge management in an organization depends how the individual employee create and transfer knowledge with others so employee is the ultimate responsible person deciding the success. Higgs and Dulewicz (2002) discuss about seven elements like self awareness, emotional motivation and management, managing relationship with others will help individual more intelligent on any situation and also contribute towards team working. Knowledge Management potential issues and overcome CellTech Excess of exploitation or exploration competency trap During the 1980s CellTech was more comfortable in doing contract manufacturing and this period refers to Exploitation. When new CEO shifted the focus of the company to product development through RD collaboration and this period can be referred exploration. So as of the case study CellTech seems to have managed a balance between exploitation and exploration but considering the period of 10 years in contract manufacturing with very little focus on exploration gives a picture that CellTech prefers to stay on the comfort zone with exploration. When CellTech got into the cash burn and lost the support of share holders, then only realized to do something different from the usual. According to March (1991) organization prefer to stay either on exploitation or exploration in long run so this competency trap lead the organization for an inappropriate learning. To avoid competency trap CellTech should constantly create core competencies in its business to stay ahead of the competition and since core competencies are the ones which are not easily copied by other competitor. Change Management During the organizational change culture regularly becomes the focus of attention. Culture has vast impact on output and working environment of an organization (Boonstra, 2004). In the CellTech case study when the organizational change was going on after the appointment of new CEO, organizational cultural elements were not be considered for the change but instead top management were pushed to talk short term improvement decision to change current situations. Davenport Prusak (2000) believes the leader of the organization should understand the culture from the overall organization and community level to share knowledge. The change management will bring changes in the working culture of the individual and can impact the social learning cycle. Johnson and Scholes (2002) cultural web will help the organization to identify the cultural impact using the paradigm. CellTech should definitely use Culture web when going for any change management to audit the current cultural element and define the future culture based on the paradigm. This will help to re-mould value and behavior of the individuals and make then to feel better place to work and share knowledge. Classification of Knowledge Goh (2002) says Effectiveness of knowledge transfer depends on Type of knowledge that s being shared so CellTech should always recognize the different type of knowledge available and created in the organization i.e. the tacit and explicit knowledge. CellTech should use SECI model to develop supportive structure that encourage the transfer of knowledge between tacit and explicit. This framework will help CellTech to bring the tacit individual knowledge out to the group and final make other individual to internalize it. Since the focus of CellTech is in RD, there will be more tacit knowledge created at the end of each new development like personal experience of certain drug symptoms during the research. Relationship between source and recipient For the knowledge transfer to be effective the recipient and source should be in an intention to share and receive knowledge and if the recipient lack interest to absorb and retain the knowledge then it become a barrier to the knowledge transfer (Szulanski, 1996). The Clubs of old versus new scientist would be the best instance to take from CellTech, creating emotion intelligence among individuals and teams to make them aware of organization value of sharing and transferring knowledge. By increasing the value through emotional intelligence will create awareness subconsciously to drive everyone to share knowledge without drawing any boundaries. Creating breakout areas near lab will help certain extend to socialize people but creating awareness emotional will drive them to create opportunities by themselves. This would be the more share of tacit to tacit knowledge. Conclusion From the CellTech we can see the knowledge evolution and existence during different growth stages and it draws the organization to manage the knowledge effectively. By see the end part of the case study, it is clear that CellTech wanted to learn and monitor the organization by setting-up various review systems. This working document also have reviewed few potential issues in implementing knowledge management policy and the workaround solution to overcome using frameworks also have been suggested to understand knowledge cycle. Gavins (2002) say that Learning organizations are not build overnight and it has to be cultivated, processed steadily over time. In this report we have discussed various models and frameworks as part of knowledge management which can bring CellTech a great advantage in managing its business and stay competitive in the market. To form a learning organization it is highly reliant on exchange of experience and knowledge with others and as a result implementation of knowledge management will lead to increase in competitiveness.